UNIT I: Physical World and measure
Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, basic and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and preciseness of measure instruments; errors in measurement; important figures; Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT II: mechanics
Frame of reference, Motion during a straight line; Position-time graph, speed and speed. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and fast speed. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Elementary ideas of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a true number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative speed.
Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector during a plane-rectangular parts.
Scalar and Vector product of Vectors. Motion during a plane. Cases of uniform speed and uniform acceleration- projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.
UNIT III: Laws of Motion
Intuitive conception of force. Inertia, Newton’s 1st law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of cooccurring forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion. force, samples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).
UNIT IV: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a relentless force and variable force; mechanical energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of P.E., P.E. of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of energy (kinetic and potential energies); non - conservative forces; motion during a great circle, elastic and inflexible collisions in one and 2 dimensions.
UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.
Moment of a force,-torque, momentum, conservation of momentum with some examples.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of move motion, comparison of linear and move motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for easy geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.
UNIT VI: Gravitation
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration thanks to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitative potential. velocity, orbital speed of a satellite. fixed satellites.
UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, coefficient of elasticity, shear, modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s ratio; elastic potential energy.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, speed, Reynold’s range, contour and flow. vital speed, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and physical phenomenon, angle of contact, far more than pressure, application of physical phenomenon ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal enlargement; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. abnormal enlargement. heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; modification of state – heat of transformation.
Heat transfer- physical phenomenon and thermal conduction, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and inexperienced House result.
Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.
UNIT VIII: physics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. 1st law of physics. equal and adiabatic processes.
Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.
UNIT IX: Behaviour of gas and scientific theory
Equation of state of an ideal gas, work done on compression a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, conception of pressure. mechanical energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to heat capacities of gases; conception of mean free path.
UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a perform of your time. Periodic functions. straightforward harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM –Kinetic and potential energies; straightforward pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and cross waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, basic mode and harmonics. Beats. propagation.
CONTENTS of sophistication XII information
UNIT I: natural philosophy
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law-force between 2 purpose charges, forces between multiple charges; rule and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, force field thanks to a degree charge, force field lines; electric doublet, force field thanks to a dipole; torsion on a dipole during a uniform force field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to search out field thanks to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged skinny spherical shell (field within and outside)
Electric potential, electric potential, voltage thanks to a degree charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical P.E. of a system of 2 purpose charges associate degreed of electrical diploes in an electric field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and certain charges within a conductor. Dielectrics and electrical polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors nonparallel and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitance with and while not nonconductor medium between the plates, energy keep during a capacitance, Van First State Graaff generator.
UNIT II: electricity
Electric current, flow of electrical charges during a antimonial conductor, drift speed and quality, and their relation with electrical current; Ohm’s law, resistivity, V-I characteristics (liner and non-linear), current and power, electrical ohmic resistance and conduction.
Carbon resistors, color code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combos of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, electric potential and electromotive force of a cell, combination of cells nonparallel and in parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and easy applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer-principle and applications to live electric potential, and for comparison electromotive force of 2 cells; measure of internal resistance of a cell.
UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Concept of field of force, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and solid solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electrical fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor during a uniform field of force. Force between 2 parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. torsion fully fledged by a current loop during a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to meter and meter.
Current loop as a dipole and its dipole moment. dipole moment of a revolving lepton. field of force intensity thanks to a dipole (bar magnet) on its axis and perpendicular to its axis. torsion on a dipole (bar magnet) during a uniform magnetic field; magnet as constant coil, field of force lines; Earth’s field of force and magnetic parts.
Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples.
Electromagnetic and factors touching their strengths. Permanent magnets.
UNIT IV: magnetic force Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, iatrogenic electromotive force and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and coefficient.
Alternating currents, peak and rms price of alternating current/ voltage; electrical phenomenon and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR electrical circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.
AC generator and electrical device.
UNIT V: magnetic force Waves
Need for displacement current.
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). cross nature of magnetic force waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) as well as elementary facts regarding their uses.
UNIT VI: Optics
Reflection of sunshine, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of sunshine, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, skinny lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of skinny lenses in touch combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of sunshine through a prism.
Scattering of light- blue color of the sky and ruby look of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) victimization lenses.
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface victimization wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction victimization Huygens’ principle.
Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe breadth, coherent sources and sustained interference of sunshine.
Diffraction thanks to one slit, breadth of central most.
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized lightweight and Polaroids.
UNIT VII: twin Nature of Matter and Radiation
Photoelectric result, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s physical phenomenon equation- particle nature of sunshine.
Matter waves- wave nature of particles, nuclear physicist relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details ought to be omitted; solely conclusion ought to be explained).
UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, gas spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic lots, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; separation energy per baryon and its variation with mass unit, nuclear reaction and fusion.
UNIT IX: Electronic Devices
Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of semiconductor diode, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a transformer. semiconductor unit, electronic transistor action, characteristics of a electronic transistor; transistor as associate degree electronic equipment (common electrode configuration) and generator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). electronic transistor as a switch.
Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, basic and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and preciseness of measure instruments; errors in measurement; important figures; Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT II: mechanics
Frame of reference, Motion during a straight line; Position-time graph, speed and speed. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and fast speed. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
Elementary ideas of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a true number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative speed.
Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector during a plane-rectangular parts.
Scalar and Vector product of Vectors. Motion during a plane. Cases of uniform speed and uniform acceleration- projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.
UNIT III: Laws of Motion
Intuitive conception of force. Inertia, Newton’s 1st law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of cooccurring forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion. force, samples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).
UNIT IV: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a relentless force and variable force; mechanical energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of P.E., P.E. of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of energy (kinetic and potential energies); non - conservative forces; motion during a great circle, elastic and inflexible collisions in one and 2 dimensions.
UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.
Moment of a force,-torque, momentum, conservation of momentum with some examples.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of move motion, comparison of linear and move motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for easy geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.
UNIT VI: Gravitation
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration thanks to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitative potential. velocity, orbital speed of a satellite. fixed satellites.
UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, coefficient of elasticity, shear, modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s ratio; elastic potential energy.
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, speed, Reynold’s range, contour and flow. vital speed, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and physical phenomenon, angle of contact, far more than pressure, application of physical phenomenon ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal enlargement; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. abnormal enlargement. heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; modification of state – heat of transformation.
Heat transfer- physical phenomenon and thermal conduction, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and inexperienced House result.
Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.
UNIT VIII: physics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. 1st law of physics. equal and adiabatic processes.
Second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.
UNIT IX: Behaviour of gas and scientific theory
Equation of state of an ideal gas, work done on compression a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, conception of pressure. mechanical energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to heat capacities of gases; conception of mean free path.
UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a perform of your time. Periodic functions. straightforward harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM –Kinetic and potential energies; straightforward pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and cross waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, basic mode and harmonics. Beats. propagation.
CONTENTS of sophistication XII information
UNIT I: natural philosophy
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law-force between 2 purpose charges, forces between multiple charges; rule and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, force field thanks to a degree charge, force field lines; electric doublet, force field thanks to a dipole; torsion on a dipole during a uniform force field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to search out field thanks to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged skinny spherical shell (field within and outside)
Electric potential, electric potential, voltage thanks to a degree charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical P.E. of a system of 2 purpose charges associate degreed of electrical diploes in an electric field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and certain charges within a conductor. Dielectrics and electrical polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors nonparallel and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitance with and while not nonconductor medium between the plates, energy keep during a capacitance, Van First State Graaff generator.
UNIT II: electricity
Electric current, flow of electrical charges during a antimonial conductor, drift speed and quality, and their relation with electrical current; Ohm’s law, resistivity, V-I characteristics (liner and non-linear), current and power, electrical ohmic resistance and conduction.
Carbon resistors, color code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combos of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, electric potential and electromotive force of a cell, combination of cells nonparallel and in parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and easy applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer-principle and applications to live electric potential, and for comparison electromotive force of 2 cells; measure of internal resistance of a cell.
UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Concept of field of force, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and solid solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electrical fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor during a uniform field of force. Force between 2 parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. torsion fully fledged by a current loop during a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to meter and meter.
Current loop as a dipole and its dipole moment. dipole moment of a revolving lepton. field of force intensity thanks to a dipole (bar magnet) on its axis and perpendicular to its axis. torsion on a dipole (bar magnet) during a uniform magnetic field; magnet as constant coil, field of force lines; Earth’s field of force and magnetic parts.
Para-, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples.
Electromagnetic and factors touching their strengths. Permanent magnets.
UNIT IV: magnetic force Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, iatrogenic electromotive force and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and coefficient.
Alternating currents, peak and rms price of alternating current/ voltage; electrical phenomenon and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR electrical circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.
AC generator and electrical device.
UNIT V: magnetic force Waves
Need for displacement current.
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). cross nature of magnetic force waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) as well as elementary facts regarding their uses.
UNIT VI: Optics
Reflection of sunshine, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of sunshine, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, skinny lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of skinny lenses in touch combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of sunshine through a prism.
Scattering of light- blue color of the sky and ruby look of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) victimization lenses.
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface victimization wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction victimization Huygens’ principle.
Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe breadth, coherent sources and sustained interference of sunshine.
Diffraction thanks to one slit, breadth of central most.
Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized lightweight and Polaroids.
UNIT VII: twin Nature of Matter and Radiation
Photoelectric result, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s physical phenomenon equation- particle nature of sunshine.
Matter waves- wave nature of particles, nuclear physicist relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details ought to be omitted; solely conclusion ought to be explained).
UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, gas spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic lots, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; separation energy per baryon and its variation with mass unit, nuclear reaction and fusion.
UNIT IX: Electronic Devices
Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of semiconductor diode, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a transformer. semiconductor unit, electronic transistor action, characteristics of a electronic transistor; transistor as associate degree electronic equipment (common electrode configuration) and generator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). electronic transistor as a switch.
